Independent target identification approaches by the groups of Waldmann, Christmann and Beech [14,15] and by Novartis [51] revealed that (−)EA is a potent and efficacious activator (EC50 = 10 nM) of native TRPC1:C4 channels in A498 renal cancer cells (see Section 4.3 for more detail about its relevance to cancer cell death). This evidence concerns the gene C4A and renal carcinoma.