Other studies have also demonstrated that the extract of cranberry inhibited IL-6, IL-8, and prostaglandin E2 production by gingival fibroblasts stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in vitro [26] and that serum IL-1β and interferon-γ concentrations and TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA expression in colon were reduced by treatment with cranberry in mice submitted to dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis [25]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colitis.