Hence, we explored an advanced tsRNA design toward a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVTK)/ganciclovir (GCV) suicide gene therapy approach.17, 18 As molecular targets, we selected first the alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and three additional markers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)19, 20 and second human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) pre-mRNA. Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.