TWIST1 and neoplasm: It has been reported that the upregulation of PD‐L1 on tumor cells can be mediated by several factors including oncogenic pathway, epigenetic factors, and acquired immune response such as IFN‐γ.18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 39 EMT‐inducing transcriptional factors are Snail 1/2, Twist, and ZEB‐1/2, which are controlled by several signaling pathways.