Myers et al. [60] recently identified a Th17 cell phenotype of human myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy that had raised CD4+ IL-17+ T cells and Th17-promoting cytokines including IL-6, IL-23, and TGF-β as well as GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) secreting CD4+ T cells. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and myocarditis.