TNF and cancer: According to literature analysis, we found that the signaling pathways associated with melittin in cancers mainly include JAK2/STAT3, NF-κB, JNK/p38/NF-κB, TNF-α, mTOR/p70S6K or mTOR/p/0S6K/4E-BP1, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, mitochondrial pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, TGFβ/Smad and MAPK-JNK signaling pathways, and SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway so far [11–21].