SERPINE1 and neoplasm: As a tumor suppressor, p53 regulates cell-cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and senescence through induction of downstream effectors including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21WAF1), growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible alpha (GADD45A), p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA), BCL-2-like protein 4 (BAX), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and NOXA [10–13].