Thus the BRAF V600E substitution is observed at twice the frequency of NRAS Q61 substitutions in melanoma—despite the fact that oncogenic mutations at NRAS Q61 likely arise at a higher frequency, both because there are more oncogenic mutations available (Q61K, Q61L, and Q61R, versus V600E), and because one of those mutations relies on the more frequent transition process. This evidence concerns the gene NRAS and melanoma.