Recently, MCT4 has been shown to localize to the membrane of glial cells in the cerebellum [14] and the paraventricular nucleus, specifically in astrocytes and ciliated ependymal cells, playing a significant nonmetabolic role in the neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the gerbil with transient cerebral ischemia [28]. The gene discussed is SLC16A3; the disease is transient ischemic attack.