SLC1A3 and Thiamine deficiency: In previous studies [13, 14, 23], we reported that YKS rectifies the following thiamine deficiency-induced abnormalities in the brain and cultured astrocytes of rats: astrocyte degeneration, increase in extracellular glutamate concentrations, decrease in GLAST-derived glutamate uptake, and reduced expression of GLAST proteins and mRNA.