Reversal of diabetes-induced enteric dysbiosis with prebiotic (FOS) or probiotic (dead L. plantarum) treatment increases intestinal ROS levels and decreases diabetes-induced iNOS expression in the intestine, Fmo3 expression in the liver, IL-1β expression in Kupffer cells, and ICAM expression in the aorta and liver. The gene discussed is NOS2; the disease is diabetes mellitus.