Different mouse models demonstrated that inflammasome-deficiency-associated changes in the configuration of the gut microbiota are closely associated with increased hepatic steatosis and inflammation through influx of TLR4 and TLR9 agonists into the portal circulation system, leading to increased hepatic tumor-necrosis factor (TNF-α) expression that induce chronic hepatic inflammation, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) [7]. Here, TLR9 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.