VCAM1 and diabetes mellitus: A multiple regression model showed that various factors independently determined FMD%, including presence of diabetes mellitus (β = − 0.41 [95% CI: − 0.55 to − 0.27]), pack-years of smoking (β = − 0.14 [95% CI: − 0.29 to − 0.01]), IMT (β = − 0.34 [95% CI: − 0.5 to − 0.18]), serum urea (β = − 0.41 [95% CI: − 0.61 to − 0.21]) or VCAM-1 (β = − 0.33 [95% CI: − 0.53 to − 0.13]), (Table 4).