MAPK8 and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia is shown to induce inflammation through different signaling cascades, including (i) Rho-associated coiled-coil forming kinase (ROCK)-dependent JNK and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in RAW264.7 macrophages [28], (ii) signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in retinal endothelial cells [34], and (iii) TLR2 and TLR4 in human microvascular retinal endothelial cells [35].