CXCL1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Several reports have demonstrated that CXCL1, CXCL2, and JE (the murine homolog of human CCL2) accumulated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice with HCl- or LPS-induced ARDS, CCL2 in bleomycin-injured mouse lungs, CXCL2 and 9 in LPS-treated mouse serum and lung, and mRNA expression of CCL2 in lungs from repeated saline lavage-induced and mechanical ventilation-induced rats, CCL2 and 7 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from LPS-challenged volunteers and ARDS patients, and the mRNA and protein expression of CCL2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells [31, 47–53].