TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Similar to T1D animal studies, paricalcitol (a vitamin D analog) treatment in type 2 diabetes (T2D) rats significantly decreased the plasma glucose and insulin resistance by modulating the pancreatic oxidative stress and the inflammatory markers (like C-peptide, adiponectin, pancreatic IL-2, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and TNF-α) [135].