GM-CSF, combined with breast cancer stem cell- associated antigens and cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) in spontaneous breast cancer TA2 mice, is efficacious not only in suppressing tumour growth (p = 0.035) but also in activating and accumulating CD3+CD8+ T cells to kill tumour cells (p = 0.001) (P < 0.05) [162]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and breast cancer.