HSPA5 and breast neoplasm: Figure 5(E) shows the quantitative analysis of the TUNEL-positive and cell apoptosis in each group, and it can be seen that l-CS-g-PNIPAM-PTX NPs induced significant cell apoptosis in the tumor tissue. These results confirm that l-CS-g-PNIPAM-PTX NPs could effectively target to GRP78 positive human breast tumor xenografts, kill cancer cells by both apoptosis and necrosis mechanisms.