Circulating pulsatile increases in the leucine and insulin concentrations along with permanently elevated serum concentrations of IGF-1 may be responsible for cow milk’s optimized mode of hyperactivated mTORC1 signaling, which amplifies the already upregulated oncogenic mTOR signaling in prostate cancer cells with preexisting alterations of cell growth-promoting signaling pathways [42]. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is prostate cancer.