TNF and Sepsis: While the immune response to LPS in mice does not completely reflect that seen in humans, it does induce the expression of TNFα and IL‐6 in mice, and has previously been shown to induce muscle loss and the expression of the atrophic muscle E3 ligases, similar to human sepsis‐associated cachexia, within 24 h (Copeland et al, 2005; Jin & Li, 2007; Callahan & Supinski, 2009; Doyle et al, 2011; Braun et al, 2013).