VEGFA and breast cancer: A recent study has also demonstrated 4-HNE-induced inhibition of sirtuin 3, a major mitochondrial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase, with subsequent up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by breast cancer cells [21], indicating a close connection between oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and angiogenesis.