MT-ND4 and malaria: Malaria-induced changes in gene expression were then found in livers of both the Vd4 and Nd4 groups, when mRNAs were evaluated, which displayed > threefold changed expressions at a stringent level of significance (p < 0.01) at both d4 groups in relation to corresponding constitutive expressions of the Vd0 and Nd0 group, respectively.