PPARG and liver dysplastic nodule: Pioglitazone regulates the phosphorylation of p66 (Shc) by integrating many signaling pathways that affect mitochondrial function, by reducing protein kinase C-beta, and the PPAR-γ not only improve the metabolic alterations of DM and DN, they also protect against nondiabetic CKD in experimental models and could benefit aging-related renal injury by improving mitochondrial function [110].