IDO1 and neoplasm: Previous work suggests that tumor cell IDO1 facilitates Treg accumulation, and that Tc and Treg infiltrate IDO1 expressing tumors, which is associated with worse survival in animal models [43–45] Additional work evaluating IDO1 in esophageal cancer could include additional staining of tumor associated T-lymphocytes for CD8 (Tc) and FoxP3 (Treg) to further elucidate the T-cell composition within IDO1 over-expressing esophageal cancer.