In a second meta-analysis, where 40 studies were assessed, data pointed to the presence of a subset of elevated cytokines in schizophrenia, with potential state markers during acute exacerbations and first-episode psychosis that included increased inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, and the regulatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Here, TGFB1 is linked to schizophrenia.