The cells also produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and pro-inflammatory proteins, such as COX-2 and iNOS (Lee et al. 2011a); AD patients exhibited a 25-fold elevation on TNF-α levels in the CSF relative to controls (Tarkowski et al. 2003). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and Alzheimer disease.