Notably, OCA markedly ameliorated liver fibrosis (Fig. 1d) and significantly decreased serum concentrations of collagen type IV and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), two noninvasive markers clinically useful for the diagnosis of NASH and NASH-related fibrosis (Fig. 1e)27. Here, VCAM1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.