Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an almost complete absence of BAMBI protein in human NSCLC (non-small cell lung cancer) tissue compared to non-cancerous controls, corresponding with decreased mRNA levels, increased promoter hypermethylation and upregulation of the EMT genes N-cadherin, TWIST, MMP-9, osteopontin, and SOX4 [114]. Here, SPP1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.