These in turn upregulate the expression of serum response factor and hence activate SMC gene transcription.146 ROS also induce MSC proliferation and progenitor migration and proliferation by activating MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and PI3K/AKT (phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases/protein kinase B) pathways.147,148 Hypertension also induces oxidative stress on the arterial wall and vascular remodeling. This evidence concerns the gene AKT1 and Hypertension.