Furthermore, TLRs overexpression has been associated to celiac disease [32], and accordingly to this observation, the stimulation of PBMCs from celiac patients with pepsin digest of wheat gliadin fraction led to IL-1β secretion via TLR4/MyD88/TRIF/MAPK/NF-kB signaling pathway [33]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and celiac disease.