It has long been recognized that TNFα typically does not induce apoptosis unless IKK-mediated activation of NF-κB and inactivation of BAD are impaired in various cultured cells and genetic animal models.14, 70 Paradoxically, there are little known genetic defects in or pharmaceutic inhibitors of the IKK signaling pathway in many inflammatory and infectious diseases, where TNFα cytotoxicity is known to contribute to tissue damage of multiple organs and even mortality. Here, TNF is linked to infectious disease.