TNF and primary biliary cholangitis: These GWASs indicate that similar autoimmune pathways of dendritic cell, T-cell, and B-cell activation and/or differentiation, including MAPK-, phosphatidylinositol-, TNF superfamily-, and NFκB-signaling, contribute to the development of PBC in all populations, although the specific PBC susceptibility genes differ somewhat among Europeans and East Asians.