STAT3 and cancer: We determined the ratios of phosphorylated (p) proteins to their unphosphorylated counterparts (pSTAT3 to STAT3, pERK1 to ERK1, pERK2 to ERK2, pJNK1 to JNK1, and pJNK2 to JNK2) so as to evaluate the therapeutic effects on cancer metastasis, using western blotting.