Evidence has shown that allogeneic MSCs could increase the number of peripheral Treg cells through the secretion of TGF-β in SLE patients [5, 42] and inhibit Tfh cell expansion via the activation of iNOS in lupus mice [15], indicating there is a restoration of Treg/Tfh balance after MSC treatment. Here, TGFB1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.