INS and atherosclerosis: However, subcutaneously injected insulin enters into the general circulation directly, which exposes all tissues to the same insulin concentration and the liver only receives a small fraction of the injected dose; thus, muscles and adipocytes can react to the insulin without hepatic monitoring, and side effects such as atherosclerosis, hypoglycemia and weight gain may occur (Arbit, 2004; Geho et al., 2009).