TGFB1 and neoplasm: TGF‐β, MARK and Hedgehog signal pathway have been identified by GWAS to be associated with adult height.21, 40, 41 Meanwhile, the pathways mentioned above are also involved in the pathogenesis of cancer.42, 43, 44 For instance, activation of the TGF‐β signaling pathway induces potent cell‐cycle arrest in healthy noncancerous cells and in early‐stage cancerous cells, suggesting that this pathway plays a prominent role in tumor suppression.