Finally, to investigate the relevance of our findings to human CNS pathology, postmortem brain tissue and CSF of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients (Supplementary Table 3) were analyzed for expression of A20 and for the presence of an inflammasome “signature.” Expression of A20/TNFAIP3, as well as the expression levels of IL-1β and NLRP3 were significantly increased in MS plaques compared with normal appearing white matter, and a trend, albeit not significant, in enhanced IL-18 and caspase-1 in MS plaques could be observed (Fig. 6a, b). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is multiple sclerosis.