DPP4 and heart failure: As the sub-analysis in the CANVAS trial showed a similar inhibitory effect on heart failure-associated hospitalizations between the primary and secondary prevention participants [19] and canagliflozin significantly suppressed such hospitalizations compared to a DPP-4 inhibitor and a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist [53], it is possible that improvement in left ventricular diastolic function was involved in those results.