As shown in Figure 6C, the number of 53BP1 foci per 2D projected z-stacked nuclear area for cells treated with IR—saline, IR GNP-RGD, IR—CIS and IR—GNP-RGD; CIS prior to radiation were 0.024 ± 0.0056, 0.026 ± 0.0059, 0.026 ± 0.0045 and 0.040 ± 0.0044, respectively. This evidence concerns the gene TP53BP1 and in situ carcinoma.