TNF and Cachexia: Even though different types of diseases can induce cachexia, one important common feature of these conditions is alteration of the plasma levels of several soluble factors (termed “atrophic factors”), such as angiotensin II (Ang-II), transforming growth factor type beta (TGF-β), myostatin, glucocorticoids, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1 and 6 (IL-1 and IL-6) [45–54] (Figure 1).