APOE and endothelial dysfunction: Our finding indirectly suggested that exercise training may ameliorate endothelial dysfunction possibly via caspase-1 in the mesentery arteries of ApoE KO (Fig. 5C, D), but further study is needed to confirm the clear link between caspase-1 and ER stress in the endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis, and the specific effects of exercise training on the caspase-1 expression in the mesentery arteries of ApoE KO mice.