Since the discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutations in non-small cell lung cancer, and the subsequent success of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, treatment of advanced cases has shifted from chemotherapy to molecular-targeted therapy, especially in Asians, females, never smokers, and/or patients with adenocarcinoma, of whom about 40–50% harbor a mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain in EGFR [2]. The gene discussed is EGFR; the disease is adenocarcinoma.