CRP and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Although the association did not attenuate substantially after confounder adjustment in most studies, two reported no association after adjusting for sex, age, BMI, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio, hypertension, diabetes, drinking and smoking in 678 adult Japanese Americans [11], and after adjusting for sex, age, smoking, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, glucose concentrations, cholesterol-high-density lipoprotein ratio, pulse oximetry oxygen saturation and emphysema severity in 177 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [12].