For example, GDF11 administration decreases apoptosis, increases the mass and function of β cells in pancreatic islets in a model of obesity [38], and enhances renal function induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury through the dedifferentiation and proliferation of epithelial cells in proximal tubules, suggesting improvements in renal function in elderly mice [39]. The gene discussed is GDF11; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.