TLR3 and infection: There was a slight decrease of MxA and ISG56 mRNA in the MAVS-knockout cells on day 4 post-infection (Fig 6D and 6E), which may result from amplification of IFN signaling contributed by the RLR signaling at late time points given that both RIG-I and MDA5 are themselves interferon-stimulated genes and can be up-regulated by the TLR3-mediated signaling.