TNF and ulcer disease: Results:Alpinia officinarum extract ameliorated gastric injury in a dose-dependent manner, and 0.18 g/kg dose exhibited the best performance by reducing the gross ulcer (from 20.23 ± 1.38 to 1.66 ± 0.37) and histological (from 4.67 ± 1.03 to 0.33 ± 0.51) indexes, decreasing serum TNF-α level (14.17%), increasing serum VEGF level (1.58 times), increasing cyclooxygenase-1 level (1.25 times, p <  0.001) in the gastric mucosa, and reversing indomethacin-induced changes in the expression of non-cyclooxygenase pathway proteins (p <  0.05).