More recent studies have shown that abdominal obesity influences BC development and outcomes through other mechanisms as well; including: systemic shifts in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, up regulation of pro-carcinogenic factors such as cytokines and growth factors (like insulin and insulin-like growth factors), modulation of the immune system and macrophage activation, as well as other systemic effects reviewed in details elsewhere [19–21]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and breast cancer.