TGFB1 and breast cancer: In addition, in some human breast cancer cells, organization of the invadopodia or degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) requires extracellular or intracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling through phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase and Src kinase, which is also governed by TGF-β (Mandal, Johnson & Wheelock, 2008; Pignatelli et al., 2012).