CASP8 and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: To summarize: (1) NLRP3 gene expression was significantly upregulated (nFold > 2) in PPMS, AMS, and SMS compared to HC (p < 0.05) (Figure 6A); (2) ASC was significantly upregulated in PPMS (nFold > 3.2) and AMS (nFold > 2.2) compared to all other groups of MS patients and HC (p < 0.005) (Figure 6B); and (3) caspase-8 expression was upregulated in PPMS (nFold > 2.5) compared to all other groups of MS patients and HC (p < 0.05 in all cases) (Figure 6C).