About 5% of infected individuals develop an aggressive malignancy of mature CD4+ T-cells termed adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) or a progressive demyelinating neurological disease termed tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) (Poiesz et al., 1980; Yoshida et al., 1982; Gessain et al., 1985; Osame et al., 1986). Here, CD4 is linked to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.