DPP4 and heart failure: In addition, the cardiovascular effects of DPP-4 inhibitors remain controversial, while one DPP-4 inhibitor (saxagliptin) increased the risk of hospitalization for heart failure in the overall population; another(alogliptin) showed inconsistent effects on heart failure hospitalization across subgroups of patients, and a third(sitagliptin) had no effect on heart failure (Secrest et al., 2017).